therapeutic) has been shown in multiple animal models of Type 1 Diabetes to result in long-term glucose control with reduced or no need for insulin injections, and with no need for toxic antirejection drugs. The durable blood glucose control along with the absence of an immune response demonstrate that NIs provide protection from autoimmune attacks that ordinarily destroy insulin-producing cells in Type 1 Diabetes, and provide an endogenous and physiologic source of insulin.