must rethink their methods and processes of ideation and innovation. They experiment in order to increase their creativity by reinventing organizational structures to promote increased transversality and by promoting non-traditional creative spaces that are more open to the participation of external actors.

This reality highlights two important phenomena. The first is the undeniable influence of technology, not only as an object of innovation but also as a factor in transforming ways of doing things. The second corresponds to the need for collaboration in the face of the growing complexity of projects, technologies, products and services to be designed and delivered.

The exploitation of big data (smart city, industry 4.0, etc.), the democratization of knowledge, and the development of collaboration tools facilitating co-creation in a network, as phenomena of opening up innovation, present strategic challenges. and major organizational structures for which firms and institutions are poorly or poorly equipped. Often supported by technological means, collaboration is a catalyst for accelerating the pooling of ideas, information, skills and resources leading to innovation. It also forces us to rethink ecosystems and the relationships between decision-makers, experts and users.