frequently do not have a stable and long term shareholder base, resulting in “absentee” ownership, and reliance on “checklist” governance. A consequence of this is that, all too often, skilful, considered and forceful ownership is not present at critical junctures in a company’s history. This in turn often leads to ineffective leadership or governance, inefficient holding structures, inefficient use of capital, poor asset allocation, poor asset combinations, and ultimately sub-optimal performance. Herein lies the opportunity – a value gap can arise in these circumstances, by injecting the skilful, considered and forceful ownership that is often lacking. ​